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This inspection and cleaning should be performed in accordance with the recommendations found in the AMM for the specific airplane model involved. Visually inspect for dry or rehydrated residues in these areas. Examine areas such as wing rear spar, wing leading edge devices, horizontal stabilizer rear spar, vertical stabilizer, auxiliary power unit bay, control tabs and linkages (when applicable), and the bilge area of the tail cone. Establish an inspection and cleaning schedule for thickened fluid residue to help ensure that no flight control restrictions will occur.Ensure that proper procedures, including storage, handling, and application of fluids, are being followed by airline personnel or contracted deicing service providers.
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The application of hot water or heated Type I fluid as the first step of a two-step process has been shown to minimize the formation of residue gels. While recognizing that it is not possible at some locations, Boeing recommends using a two-step process, preferably with Type I fluid and/or hot water as the first step. Be aware of whether a one- or two-step application process is being employed.Be aware of how frequently airplanes are being deiced/anti-iced.(For more information, see AERO first-quarter 2007.) As a result, operators should: This residue can rehydrate and expand into gel-like materials that can freeze during flight and cause restrictions in the flight control systems ( see fig. 1). When thickened airplane deicing/anti-icing fluids (i.e., SAE International Types II, III, and IV fluids) dry, they may leave a very fine, powdery residue in critical areas in wings and stabilizers. (See “The basics of deicing and anti-icing” and “General precautions during winter operations” below.)īoeing recommends that maintenance and ground crew personnel and contracted airplane deicing service providers acquaint themselves with these recent developments in the area of airplane deicing and anti-icing: In addition, the operator must ensure that the maintenance procedures for winter operations are appropriate for the weather conditions.
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The airplane maintenance manual (AMM) provides procedures for removal of contaminants from the airplane and the prevention of subsequent accumulation of frost, ice, snow, or slush. Contaminants such as frost, ice, or snow adhering to the wings disturb this airflow, resulting in reduced lift, increased drag, increased stall speed, potentially severe roll problems due to uneven lift, and possible abnormal pitch characteristics.Ĭonsiderations for maintenance and ground crewsĪirplane operation in cold weather conditions can cause special problems because of the effects of frost, ice, snow, slush, and low temperature. An airplane is designed using the predictable effects of airflow over clean wings. The clean-airplane concept is important because airplane takeoff performance is based upon clean surfaces until liftoff.
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The clean-airplane concept describes an airplane that is aerodynamically clean - that is, free of frozen contaminants. The European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), Transport Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA), and other regulatory authorities have requirements similar to FAR 121.629. The FAR also prohibits dispatch or takeoff any time conditions are such that frost, ice, or snow may reasonably be expected to adhere to the airplane, unless the certificate holder has an approved ground deicing/anti-icing program in its operations specifications that includes holdover time (HOT) tables. Takeoffs with frost under the wing in the area of the fuel tanks may be authorized by the Administrator.” Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Federal Aviation Regulation (FAR) 121.629, which states, “No person may take off an aircraft when frost, ice or snow is adhering to the wings, control surfaces, propellers, engine inlets, or other critical surfaces of the aircraft or when the takeoff would not be in compliance with paragraph (c) of this section. The “clean-airplane” concept is derived from U.S. This article also outlines general concepts and tips on safe winter operations. Intended for both maintenance and flight crews, it provides operators with guidance for reviewing and updating cold weather operations procedures.
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This article discusses recent developments for winter operations. These procedures include deicing, anti-icing, cold weather maintenance, and flight operations. Safe winter operations require special procedures by airline maintenance, engineering, flight, and deicing personnel.